There are various methods for synthesizing formylmorpholine, which can be divided into formic acid method, methyl formate method, formyl chloride method, carbonyl acylation method, and morpholine enamine oxidation method according to different acylating agents.

甲酸法

Formic acid method

甲酸法因?yàn)楦狈磻?yīng)少，原料易得，是比較適合我國(guó)國(guó)情一種工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)路線。反應(yīng)方程式如下：該反應(yīng)為可逆放熱反應(yīng)，為了使反應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)化率提高，通常采用移走反應(yīng)體系中的水使平衡向右移動(dòng)的方法，方法有兩種：一種為使用帶水劑脫除水分；另一種為反應(yīng)過程中精餾分離水。

The formic acid method is a suitable industrial production route for China due to its low side reactions and easy availability of raw materials. The reaction equation is as follows: the reaction is a reversible Exothermic reaction. In order to improve the reaction conversion, the method of moving the water in the reaction system to make the balance move to the right is usually used. There are two methods: one is to use water carrying agent to remove water; Another method is to separate water through distillation during the reaction process.

甲酸酯法

Formate method

甲酸酯法合成甲酰嗎啉的工藝簡(jiǎn)單，無水生成，設(shè)備腐蝕性小，目前國(guó)內(nèi)外研究也比較多，其中甲酸甲酯作為一種使用較早的?；瘎?，研究成熟，反應(yīng)物和生成物都不是酸性物質(zhì)，避免了甲酸法產(chǎn)品呈酸性和對(duì)設(shè)備腐蝕問題，但該法收率比較低，副產(chǎn)物多，導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)品純度較低。

The process of synthesizing formylmorpholine by the Formate method is simple, anhydrous, and less corrosive to the equipment. At present, there are many studies at home and abroad. As an earlier used acylating agent, methyl formate is mature, and neither the reactant nor the product is acidic, which avoids the problem of the formic acid method product being acidic and corrosive to the equipment. However, this method has low yield and many by-products, leading to low product purity.

超臨界羰基化法

Supercritical carbonylation method

使用CO和超臨界CO2為酰化劑的羰基化法，是合成甲酰嗎啉的綠色環(huán)保工藝，價(jià)格低廉，污染小，但是該工藝要求較高，必須在高溫、高壓、過渡金屬或貴金屬作催化劑以及添加劑等共同作用下才能合成，對(duì)設(shè)備要求高，投資比較大，工藝較復(fù)雜，催化劑的價(jià)格昂貴，超臨界CO2的工藝目前實(shí)現(xiàn)大型工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)困難，應(yīng)用較少。但隨超臨界CO2工藝研究的逐步成熟，以及超臨界CO2環(huán)保、安全、無毒的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，超臨界CO2為酰化劑的羰基化法將得到廣泛應(yīng)用。

The carbonylation method using CO and supercritical CO2 as acylating agents is a green and environmentally friendly process for synthesizing formylmorpholine, with low cost and low pollution. However, this process requires high temperature, high pressure, transition metal or precious metal catalysts, and additives to synthesize. It requires high equipment requirements, high investment, complex process, and expensive catalyst prices, The process of supercritical CO2 is currently difficult to achieve large-scale industrial production and has few applications. However, with the gradual maturity of research on supercritical CO2 technology and the advantages of environmental protection, safety, and non-toxicity of supercritical CO2, the carbonylation method using supercritical CO2 as an acylating agent will be widely applied.

嗎啉烯胺氧化法

Morpholine enamine oxidation method

嗎啉烯胺氧化法生產(chǎn)甲酰嗎啉在1978就有美國(guó)專利報(bào)道，該方法是將嗎啉與帶有α氫的醛以摩爾比1∶1.2溶解在嘧啶或二氯甲烷中，通入氧氣用500W的鎢燈照射40min，嗎啉與醛發(fā)生縮合反應(yīng)，并脫水生成烯胺，再向反應(yīng)中加入嗎啉的1.2倍氧氣，并加入血卟啉作為光敏劑，催化氧化反應(yīng)，烯胺雙鍵斷裂生成甲酰嗎啉。

The oxidation method of morpholine enamine to produce formylmorpholine was reported in a US patent in 1978, which combines morpholine with α Aldehydes of hydrogen are dissolved in pyrimidine or dichloromethane in a molar ratio of 1 ∶ 1.2. Oxygen is introduced and irradiated with a 500W tungsten lamp for 40min. Morpholine and aldehyde undergo Condensation reaction and dehydrate to form enamines. Then 1.2 times oxygen of morpholine is added to the reaction, and hematoporphyrin is added as a photosensitizer to catalyze the oxidation reaction. The enamine double bond breaks to form formylmorpholine.

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